Module 9.2 - The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Module 9.2 Preview
- Directions:
In your module guide, diagram the pericardial layers and the layers of the heart wall. Draw a simple diagram that indicates the general thickness of each layer as well as the correct orientation (superficial to deep). Once you have completed the diagram, list characteristics of each layer, including physiology, cell type, etc. Your diagram and list should include the 1) Fibrous pericardium, 2) The parietal later of serous pericardium, 3) Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium), 4) Myocardium, and 5) Endocardium
(SEE NOTES 9.2 FOR DIAGRAM!)
Essential Vocab:
heart, mediastinum, base, apex, apical impulse, pericardium, fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, parietal layer, visceral layer, epicardium, pericardial cavity, epicardium, myocardium, fibrous skeleton of the heart, endocardium, atria, ventricles, interatrial septum, interventricular septum, coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus, auricles, pectinate muscles, fossa ovalis, seuperior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, pulmondary veins, trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit, coronary circulation, coronary artery, cardiac veins, angina pectoris, myocardial infraction, heart attack, atrioventricular valves, mitral valve, chordae tendineae, aortic/pulmonary valves, semilunar valves, cardiac muscle, intercalated discs, functional syncytium, autorhythmicity, voltage gated fast Na channels, pacemaker cells, sinus rhythm, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, left/right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, arrhythmias, eptopic focus, extrasystole, heart block, electrocardiograph, p-wave, qrs complex, T wave, systole, diastole, cardiac reserve, tachycardia, bradycardia, congestive heart failure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral congestion
Module Objectives:
Heart Anatomy
1. Describe the size, shape, location, and orientation of the heart in the thorax.
2. Name the coverings of the heart.
3. Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall.
4. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Name each chamber and provide the name and general route of its associated great vessel(s).
5. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
6. Name the major branches and describe the distribution of the coronary arteries.
7. Name the heart valves and describe their location, function, and mechanism of operation.
Cardiac Muscle Fibers
8. Describe the structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle, and explain how it differs from skeletal muscle.
9. Briefly describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
Heart Physiology
10. Name the components of the conduction system of the heart, and trace the conduction pathway.
11. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing. Name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents.
12. Name some of the abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG tracing.
13. Describe normal heart sounds, and explain how heart murmurs differ.
14. Describe the timing and events of the cardiac cycle.
15. Name and explain the effects of various factors regulating stroke volume and heart rate.
16. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiac output.
Developmental Aspects of the Heart
17. Describe fetal heart formation, and indicate how the fetal heart differs from the adult heart.
18. Provide examples of age-related changes in heart function.